Sympathetic: preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the major and minor splanchnic nerves.The left suprarenal vein empties into the left renal vein, while the right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava. Venous drainage is different for the left and right adrenal gland. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein and then into the inferior vena cava.The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava.Adrenal medulla : production of catecholamines ( epinephrine, norepinephrine )īecause the adrenal glands produce and subsequently release a number of essential hormones, they are very well vascularized and perfused.Adrenal cortex: production of steroid hormones ( mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens).Adrenal medulla : derived from chromaffin cells, which originate in the neural crest and migrate to the paraganglia and adrenal medulla during embryonic development.Adrenal cortex: derived from mesothelial cells.Enclosed by the renal fascia and adipose capsule of the kidney.Each gland is located superior to the upper pole of the kidney.The left adrenal gland is shaped like a crescent, while the right resembles a pyramid.Description : : a bilateral endocrine gland composed of an outer cortex that produces steroid hormones and inner medulla that produces catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine).Diseases of the adrenal glands include adrenal insufficiency (due to an infection, hemorrhage, or autoimmune destruction), hyperaldosteronism (due to hyperplasia or adenoma), and hypercortisolism (due to hyperplasia, adenoma, or exogenous administration). Mineralocorticoids regulate renal sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion, while glucocorticoids play an important role in glucose metabolism. The adrenal cortex consists of three layers: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis, which are responsible for the synthesis of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens (precursors for estrogen and testosterone), respectively.
The adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells, which secrete catecholamines ( norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine). The adrenal gland has two layers: the adrenal cortex (outer layer), which is derived from the mesoderm, and the adrenal medulla (inner layer), which is derived from neural crest cells. The lymphatics drain into the left aortic and the right caval lymph nodes. It receives its arterial supply from the superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries and drains into the right and left suprarenal veins. The adrenal gland is a paired retroperitoneal organ located on the upper pole of each kidney.
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